Glossary

Acetylcholine:
A neurotransmitter essential for learning, memory, and attention. It facilitates communication between nerve cells and is particularly important for cognitive function.

Adaptogen:
A natural substance that helps the body adapt to stress and promotes balance in bodily systems. Adaptogens support resilience without overstimulation or sedation.

Alpha Lipoic Acid (ALA):
A universal antioxidant that is uniquely soluble in both fat and water, allowing it to protect all parts of cells. ALA supports mitochondrial function, regenerates other antioxidants like Vitamin C and E, and boosts glutathione production.

Anthocyanins:
Powerful antioxidant compounds found in dark berries that give them their rich colour. They protect blood vessels and improve circulation.

Antioxidant:
A molecule that prevents cellular damage by neutralising harmful free radicals. Antioxidants are crucial for protecting brain cells from oxidative stress.

Astrocytes:
Star-shaped brain cells that support neurons by providing nutrients, maintaining chemical balance, and removing waste products. They play a crucial role in brain immunity and repair.

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate):
The primary energy currency of cells. ATP powers virtually all cellular processes, including brain function and nerve signalling.

BDNF (Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor):
A protein that promotes the growth, survival, and differentiation of neurons. It's essential for learning, memory, and neuroplasticity.

Blood-Brain Barrier:
A protective barrier formed by tightly packed cells lining brain blood vessels. It controls which substances can enter the brain from the bloodstream.

Cerebral Blood Flow:
The blood supply to the brain. Adequate blood flow ensures the brain receives sufficient oxygen and nutrients for optimal function.

Cortisol:
The body's primary stress hormone. Whilst essential for acute stress response, chronically elevated cortisol can damage brain cells and impair cognitive function.

Curcumin:
The active compound in turmeric responsible for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It can cross the blood-brain barrier to protect brain tissue.

Dendritic Networks:
Branch-like extensions of neurons that receive signals from other nerve cells. More extensive dendritic networks mean better neuronal communication and cognitive capacity.

Excitotoxicity:
A process where nerve cells are damaged or killed by excessive stimulation from neurotransmitters like glutamate. Common in brain injuries and neurodegenerative conditions.

Free Radicals:
Unstable molecules that can damage cells through oxidative stress. They're produced naturally during metabolism but accumulate with age, stress, and injury.

Ginkgo Biloba:
An ancient plant extract renowned for improving blood circulation to the brain and protecting neurons from oxidative damage. Ginkgo contains flavonoids and terpenoids that support memory, cognitive function, and mental clarity by enhancing cerebral blood flow and oxygen delivery.

Glutamate:
The brain's primary excitatory neurotransmitter, essential for learning and memory. However, excessive glutamate can be toxic to neurons, causing excitotoxicity.

Glutathione:
The body's master antioxidant, produced naturally in cells. It neutralises free radicals, supports detoxification, and is crucial for maintaining brain health.

Mitochondria:
The powerhouses of cells that produce ATP energy. Brain cells are particularly dependent on healthy mitochondrial function due to their high energy demands.

Mitochondrial Function:
The efficiency with which mitochondria produce cellular energy. Optimised mitochondrial function means better brain energy, clarity, and resilience.

Myelination:
The process of forming a protective myelin sheath around nerve fibres. This insulation dramatically increases the speed and efficiency of nerve signal transmission.

Myelin Sheath:
A fatty protective coating around nerve fibres that enables fast electrical signal transmission. Damage to myelin impairs nerve communication and cognitive function.

Neuroinflammation:
Inflammation within the brain and nervous system. Whilst acute inflammation aids healing, chronic neuroinflammation contributes to cognitive decline and various neurological conditions.

Neuronal Networks:
Interconnected groups of neurons that work together to process information. More robust networks mean better cognitive function and mental flexibility.

Neurons:
Nerve cells that transmit information throughout the nervous system via electrical and chemical signals. The brain contains approximately 86 billion neurons.

Neuroprotection:
Strategies or substances that protect nerve cells from damage and death. Neuroprotective approaches help preserve cognitive function and slow brain ageing.

Neuroplasticity:
The brain's ability to form new neural connections and reorganise existing ones. Neuroplasticity underlies learning, memory, and recovery from brain injury.

Neurotoxicity:
Damage to nerve cells caused by toxic substances, including excessive neurotransmitters, oxidative stress, or external toxins.

Neurotransmitter:
Chemical messengers that transmit signals between nerve cells. Examples include glutamate, dopamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine.

Oxidative Stress:
An imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in the body, leading to cellular damage. Oxidative stress is a major contributor to ageing and neurodegeneration.

Precursor:
A substance from which another substance is formed. For example, NAC is a precursor to glutathione, meaning the body uses NAC to produce glutathione.

TBI (Traumatic Brain Injury):
Physical damage to the brain caused by external force, such as from accidents or impacts. TBI can result in temporary or permanent cognitive, physical, and emotional impairments.